Assessment of soil erosion in a monsoon-dominated mountain river basin in India using RUSLE-SDR and AHP   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Jobin Thomas  Sabu Joseph  K. P. Thrivikramji 《水文科学杂志》2018,63(4):542-560

The long-term average annual soil loss (A) and sediment yield (SY) in a tropical monsoon-dominated river basin in the southern Western Ghats, India (Muthirapuzha River Basin, MRB; area: 271.75 km²), were predicted by coupling the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and sediment delivery ratio (SDR) models. Moreover, the study also delineated soil erosion risk zones based on the soil erosion potential index (SEPI) using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) technique. Mean A of the basin is 14.36 t ha^?1 year^?1, while mean SY is only 3.65 t ha^?1 year^?1. Although the land use/land cover types with human interference show relatively lower A compared to natural vegetation, their higher SDR values reflect the significance of anthropogenic activities in accelerated soil erosion. The soil erosion risk in the MRB is strongly controlled by slope, land use/land cover and relative relief, compared to geomorphology, drainage density, stream frequency and lineament frequency.  相似文献   

A multicatchment analysis of headwater and downstream temperature effects from contemporary forest harvesting          下载免费PDF全文

Kevin D. Bladon  Catalina Segura  Nicholas A. Cook  Sharon Bywater‐Reyes  Maryanne Reiter 《水文研究》2018,32(2):293-304

Stream temperature is a key physical water‐quality parameter, controlling many biological, chemical, and physical processes in aquatic ecosystems. Maintenance of cool stream temperatures during summer is critical for high‐quality aquatic habitat. As such, transmission of warm water from small, nonfish‐bearing headwater streams after forest harvesting could cause warming in downstream fish‐bearing stream reaches with negative consequences. In this study, we evaluate (a) the effects of contemporary forest management practices on stream temperature in small, headwater streams, (b) the transmission of thermal signals from headwater reaches after harvesting to downstream fish‐bearing reaches, and (c) the relative role of lithology and forest management practices in influencing differential thermal responses in both the headwater and downstream reaches. We measured summer stream temperatures both preharvest and postharvest at 29 sites—12 upstream sites (4 reference, 8 harvested) and 17 downstream sites (5 reference, 12 harvested)—across 3 paired watershed studies in western Oregon. The 7‐day moving average of daily maximum stream temperature (T_7DAYMAX) was greater during the postharvest period relative to the preharvest period at 7 of the 8 harvested upstream sites. Although the T_7DAYMAX was generally warmer in the downstream direction at most of the stream reaches during both the preharvest and postharvest period, there was no evidence for additional downstream warming related to the harvesting activity. Rather, the T_7DAYMAX cooled rapidly as stream water flowed into forested reaches ~370–1,420 m downstream of harvested areas. Finally, the magnitude of effects of contemporary forest management practices on stream temperature increased with the proportion of catchment underlain by more resistant lithology at both the headwater and downstream sites, reducing the potential for the cooling influence of groundwater.  相似文献   

Assessment of alternative adsorption models and global sensitivity analysis to characterize hexavalent chromium loss from soil to surface runoff          下载免费PDF全文

Chuan‐An Xia  Juxiu Tong  Bill X. Hu  Xiujie Wu  Alberto Guadagnini 《水文研究》2018,32(20):3140-3157

We investigate our ability to assess transfer of hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), from the soil to surface runoff by considering the effect of coupling diverse adsorption models with a two‐layer solute transfer model. Our analyses are grounded on a set of two experiments associated with soils characterized by diverse particle size distributions. Our study is motivated by the observation that Cr(VI) is receiving much attention for the assessment of environmental risks due to its high solubility, mobility, and toxicological significance. Adsorption of Cr(VI) is considered to be at equilibrium in the mixing layer under our experimental conditions. Four adsorption models, that is, the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and linear models, constitute our set of alternative (competing) mathematical formulations. Experimental results reveal that the soil samples characterized by the finest grain sizes are associated with the highest release of Cr(VI) to runoff. We compare the relative abilities of the four models to interpret experimental results through maximum likelihood model calibration and four model identification criteria (i.e., the Akaike information criteria [AIC and AIC_C] and the Bayesian and Kashyap information criteria). Our study results enable us to rank the tested models on the basis of a set of posterior weights assigned to each of them. A classical variance‐based global sensitivity analysis is then performed to assess the relative importance of the uncertain parameters associated with each of the models considered, within subregions of the parameter space. In this context, the modelling strategy resulting from coupling the Langmuir isotherm with a two‐layer solute transfer model is then evaluated as the most skilful for the overall interpretation of both sets of experiments. Our results document that (a) the depth of the mixing layer is the most influential factor for all models tested, with the exception of the Freundlich isotherm, and (b) the total sensitivity of the adsorption parameters varies in time, with a trend to increase as time progresses for all of the models. These results suggest that adsorption has a significant effect on the uncertainty associated with the release of Cr(VI) from the soil to the surface runoff component.  相似文献   

鲁西潘店地区矽卡岩型铁矿成矿规律初探   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

郝兴中  刘伟  臧凯  张学松 《山东国土资源》2018,34(7)

近年来,在鲁中隆起区西北部潘店地区的铁矿勘查工作取得了重大进展。该区发育有明显的航磁异常及航空重力异常,且具有"重磁同源性"特征;通过对航磁异常的分析,可分为李屯、潘店、大张和薛官屯4个次级磁异常。勘查工作表明,区内巨厚新生界覆盖层下发育有矽卡岩型铁矿床,总体表现为"地层、岩体和构造"联合控矿的特征,即铁矿体受控于奥陶纪马家沟群碳酸盐地层、中生代燕山晚期闪长岩体、以及地层与岩体接触处形成的各种类型(构造)接触带。区内铁矿体赋存位置多样,主要为接触带赋存式、断裂充填式、层间充填式、裂隙贯入式、捕虏体构造式等;其成矿时代为早白垩世(130~131Ma),与济南、莱芜、金岭地区矽卡岩型铁矿形成时代基本一致;铁矿物质主要来源于中—基性侵入岩体。在整体表现为具有(剩余)重力异常高值处、(化极)磁异常明显部位,以及高—低电阻率转换带的地段进行铁矿勘查工作较为有利。  相似文献   

底泥就地稳定化中零价铁(Fe⁰)对有机污染物的作用及其对上覆水体水质的影响     

章萍  相明雪  马若男  刘强  葛刚  钱光人 《湖泊科学》2018,30(5):1218-1224

在实验室模拟静态湖泊体系条件下,通过向实际底泥中投加零价铁(Fe~0),考察反应前后底泥中有机物数量、种类、总有机质含量以及上覆水体溶解氧(DO)浓度、氧化还原电位(Eh)、pH和化学需氧量(CODCr)浓度等指标的变化,探讨Fe~0对底泥有机物的降解效果以及对上覆水体水质的影响.结果表明,投加Fe~0处理80 d后,(1)经GC-MS检测出底泥中易被降解的小分子有机物(分子量小于200)数量明显增多,底泥总有机去除率为44%.(2)上覆水体的DO浓度、Eh和pH都有不同程度的变化.DO浓度从6.6 mg/L迅速下降至0.2 mg/L,Eh从150 mV左右下降至74 mV,pH升高至8.4,此体系易形成厌氧环境;且上覆水体中CODCr低于纯底泥-水体系,上覆水中DO浓度、Eh及pH与CODCr浓度具有一定相关性.综上,底泥中投加Fe~0可有效降解有机物,且不会对上覆水体产生持久、较大的影响.  相似文献   

新疆乡村聚落特征及其区域融合发展探析          下载免费PDF全文

张惠婷  马利刚  王宏卫  王正伟  高一薄  樊影 《干旱区地理》2020,43(6):1667-1678

把握兵地聚落差异，以期为新疆兵地融合发展提供理论依据。基于土地利用数据，运用探 索式空间统计模型定量分析天山北坡兵地乡村聚落空间格局与经济发展差异，并基于其差异对其 融合发展提出相应对策。结果表明：（1）天山北坡兵团与地方乡村聚落在空间、规模、区位以及形 态分布特征上均呈现出明显的空间差异，乡村聚落空间整体上呈集聚分布模式，地方聚落集聚态 势较明显；聚落规模呈低值集聚的分布特征，兵团聚落大多为大规模聚落斑块，地方聚落则相反； 乡村聚落的分布具有明显的高程、坡度、道路、河流、城镇指向性，而兵团聚落分布于区位条件较差 地区；在乡村聚落的外部形态复杂度上，地方聚落大于兵团聚落；（2）经济发展方面，天山北坡整体 经济发展较为良好，兵团人均地区生产总值较高，以农业作为主要产业，地方经济结构较为多样， 除农业外，牧业也是其主要产业；（3）基于兵地聚落间差异，提出相应的融合对策，在空间格局上， 根据实际情况适当进行兵地聚落的迁移合并；在经济发展方面，有效利用优势互补原则，推进兵地 间产业融和。  相似文献   

社会网络视角中世界文化遗产地旅游村寨的利益关系治理     

时少华  李享 《热带地理》2020,40(4):625-635

以云南省红河州元阳县哈尼梯田核心区域2个典型的旅游村寨（大鱼塘村和普高老寨）为例，对两村寨利益相关者从网络凝聚性、网络互惠性、网络核心边缘、网络传递性、网络经纪人等5个方面展开关系数据分析，结果显示：1）大鱼塘村压力集团内部、压力集团与社区、企业与政府之间的利益关联性和联系的紧密性不足；2）两村当地政府和压力集团与社区之间的互惠性低于整体平均互惠性；3）两村利益网络中边缘结构较核心结构更加明显，这导致了利益关系的不平衡；4）两村当地政府利益集团传递性相对较低，当地社区传递性最高；5）两村中利益集团间缺少部分协调人、守门人、代理人、联络人等角色。最后提出相应建议：1）提升哈尼梯田利益关系由弱利益关系转变为强利益关系，改变利益集团间核心边缘利益关系格局；2）进一步加强各利益集团内部及之间的关联性；3）加强以企业和政府机构为顶点的组间利益传递，让利益流动逐步打破哈尼梯田利益集团之间的核心边缘关系结构；4）重点加强社区在利益关系网络中的参与机会与权力，对社区进行增权；5）利益集团内部要重点培育协调人和顾问角色，利益集团之间要重点培育企业与政府、社区、压力集团之间的守门人、代理人和联络人角色，以及社区与政府和企业之间的守门人、代理人角色。  相似文献   

新冠肺炎疫情扩散与人口流动的空间关系及对中国城市公共卫生分类治理启示     

向云波  王圣云 《热带地理》2020,40(3):408-421

人口流动影响新冠肺炎疫情传播与风险扩散。基于百度迁徙大数据和各省市区卫生健康委员会数据，结合地理信息技术，研究了2020年1月1日至3月5日136个城市新冠肺炎疫情扩散与武汉市人口流出的空间关系及其对我国城市公共卫生治理启示。研究表明：1）中国新冠肺炎疫情扩散过程具有阶段性特征，经历了疫情发生与隐性扩散、快速扩散与暴发、扩散遏制和扩散衰减4个阶段。2）研究时间段武汉市人口主要流向湖北省境内以及周边省市和北京、上海、广州、深圳等一线城市，具有地理邻近性和倾向区域中心城市的人口流入特征。受地理距离、时间成本、社会经济联系、境外输入等因素的影响，新冠肺炎疫情空间分布的不平衡性明显，长江中游城市群、京津冀城市群、长三角城市群、粤港澳大湾区和成渝城市群成为新冠肺炎疫情集中分布的重点区域，一些重点出入境口岸城市的新冠疫情扩散风险较大。3）新冠肺炎疫情扩散与人口流出之间具有较强的正向等级相关性。两者之间的空间关系可以分为8种调控类型，近90%的城市具有人口流入多、确诊病例数高或人口流入少、确诊病例数低的特征。其中，人口流入多、确诊病例数高的城市主要集中分布在湖北省境内以及中国重点城市群的中心城市，其防控压力来自人口流入多、确诊病例数高带来的疫情扩散风险；而人口流入少、确诊病例数低的城市分布较为分散，其防控的难点在于提高防控对策的精准性。我国疫情防控取得了显著成效，但随着时间的演进全球疫情形势反弹的不确定性仍然存在，外防输入、内防反弹的压力依然很重，现阶段乃至未来一段时期，疫情防控将伴随中国经济社会发展成为新常态。建议针对8种调控类型，从人口流动、交通和资源等引导与管控方面分类提出精细化的疫情防控策略，提升城市公共卫生治理能力。  相似文献   

新元古代—寒武纪硫同位素异常事件(Yudomski事件)的起源与结束          下载免费PDF全文

张智礼  孟凡巍  倪培  李慧莉  卓勤功 《盐湖研究》2020,28(4):22-28

新元古代晚期—寒武纪早期是地球历史演化的关键时期,整个生物圈、大气圈和水圈在此期间都发生了巨大的变化,海水成分在其间也发生了明显的变化。而石盐流体包裹体恰恰记录了该时段海水主要离子成分的转变:海水成分从新元古代晚期的“文石海”,快速转化为寒武纪的“方解石海”；同时海水中的碳、锶、硫同位素都发生了剧烈的改变,其中海水硫酸根的硫同位素从新元古代冰期前的20‰左右,迅速升高到新元古代冰期后的35‰左右,甚至可以到45‰,海相蒸发岩沉积中的硫酸盐沉积(主要是石膏、硬石膏)则直接记录了当时海水中硫酸根的硫同位素变化。现有研究表明,新元古代晚期——寒武纪时期的海相蒸发岩沉积记录了当时海洋中存在着地质历史时期最大的硫同位素异常,即“Yudomski事件”。塔里木盆地的寒武纪早期、中期蒸发岩记录了“Yudomski事件”的硫同位素异常高值(35‰左右,甚至更高),表明这一起源于新元古代晚期的同位素异常事件持续到了寒武纪的早期和中期；塔里木盆地奥陶纪早期的蒸发岩、鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶纪中期蒸发岩和美国Williston盆地奥陶纪晚期地层的蒸发岩的硫同位素数据相似,都在+25‰左右则记录了较低的海洋硫同位素值,表明起源于新元古代冰期之后的“Yudomski事件”的硫同位素异常,持续到了寒武纪的中期,而结束于寒武纪的晚期。  相似文献   

Correspondence between the large volcanic eruptions and ENSO events over AD 1525–2000     

Fang  Xiuqi  Zheng  Xue  Zhang  Xing 《地理学报(英文版)》2020,30(1):103-118

ENSO is an interannual mode which may be affected by external forcing, such as volcanic eruptions. Based on the reconstructed volcanic eruptions chronology and ENSO sequences, both 195 large volcanic eruptions(VEI≥4) and 398 ENSO(El Ni?o and La Ni?a) events were extracted from 1525 to 2000. An analysis of the correspondence between the large volcanic eruptions and ENSO events was performed by matching the large volcanic eruptions with the types and magnitudes of ENSO events present in the 0–2 years after the eruptions. The results show the following:(1) The percentages of ENSO events within the 3 years after the large eruptions had increased to 68.3% from 31.7% compared with those with no-eruptions in the previous 0–2 years. In addition, the ratio of El Ni?o to La Ni?a events turned from 2:3 to 1:1, and more El Ni?o events occurred in the 0 year after eruptions in the low-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere and in the tropics but more La Ni?a events occurred in the 0 year after in the high-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere.(2) After the eruptions, the weak(W) El Ni?o events had increased by 8 percentage points and the very strong(VS) El Ni?o events had decreased by 10 percentage points; conversely, there was a decrease by 15 percentage points of the weak La Ni?a events and an increase by 11.4 percentage points of the very strong La Ni?a events. Specifically, the percentages of strong La Ni?a events increased to a peak at 1(+1) year after the eruptions.(3) The percentage of eruptions followed by single-year ENSO was the greatest. The percentage of ENSO events that occurred in the consecutive 2 years following an eruption was approximately equal to the percentage of events that occurred consecutively 3 years following an eruption, and both sets of ENSO magnitudes showed a decreasing trend.  相似文献